খান মোহাম্মদ মৃধা মসজিদ
বর্তমানে বাংলাদেশ সরকারের প্রত্নতত্ত্ব বিভাগ এই মসজিদের রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ করে থাকে।
Saturday, November 14, 2015
খান মোহাম্মদ মৃধা মসজিদ
কান্তনগর মন্দির
কান্তনগর মন্দির
কান্তজীউ মন্দির বা কান্তজির মন্দির বা কান্তনগর মন্দির বাংলাদেশের দিনাজপুর শহর থেকে ২০ কিলোমিটার উত্তরে এবং কাহারোল উপজেলা সদর থেকে সাত কিলোমিটার দক্ষিণ-পূর্বে সুন্দরপুর ইউনিয়নে, দিনাজপুর-তেঁতুলিয়া মহাসড়কের পশ্চিমে ঢেঁপা নদীর তীরে অবস্থিত একটি প্রাচীন মন্দির। এটি নবরত্ন মন্দির নামেও পরিচিত কারণ তিনতলাবিশিষ্ট এই মন্দিরের নয়টি চূড়া বা রত্ন ছিলো। কান্তজীউ মন্দির ১৮ শতকে নির্মিত একটি চমৎকার ধর্মীয় স্থাপনা। মন্দিরটি হিন্দু ধর্মের কান্ত বা কৃষ্ণের মন্দির হিসেবে পরিচিত যা লেীকিক রাধা-কৃষ্ণের ধর্মীয় প্রথা হিসেবে বাংলায় প্রচলিত।
মন্দিরের উত্তর দিকের ভিত্তিবেদীর শিলালিপি থেকে জানা যায়, তৎকালীন দিনাজপুরের মহারাজা জমিদার প্রাণনাথ রায় তাঁর শেষ বয়সে মন্দিরের নির্মাণ কাজ শুরু করেন। ১৭২২ খ্রিস্টাব্দে তাঁর মৃত্যুর পরে তাঁর শেষ ইচ্ছা অনুযায়ী তাঁর পোষ্যপুত্র মহারাজা রামনাথ রায় ১৭৫২ খ্রিস্টাব্দে মন্দিরটির নির্মাণ কাজ শেষ করেন। শুরুতে মন্দিরের চূঁড়ার উচ্চতা ছিলো ৭০ ফুট। ১৮৯৭ খ্রিস্টাব্দে মন্দিরটি ভূমিকম্পের কবলে পড়লে এর চূঁড়াগুলো ভেঙে যায়। মহারাজা গিরিজানাথ মন্দিরের ব্যাপক সংস্কার করলেও মন্দিরের চূড়াগুলো আর সংস্কার করা হয়নি।
মন্দিরের বাইরের দেয়াজুড়ে পোড়ামাটির ফলকে লেখা রয়েছে রামায়ণ, মহাভারত এবং বিভিন্ন পৌরাণিক কাহিনী। পুরো মন্দিরে প্রায় ১৫,০০০-এর মতো টেরাকোটা টালি রয়েছে। উপরের দিকে তিন ধাপে উঠে গেছে মন্দিরটি। মন্দিরের চারদিকের সবগুলো খিলান দিয়েই ভেতরের দেবমূর্তি দেখা যায়। মন্দির প্রাঙ্গণ আয়তাকার হলেও, পাথরের ভিত্তির উপরে দাঁড়ানো ৫০ফুট উচ্চতার মন্দিরটি বর্গাকার। নিচতলার সব প্রবেশপথে বহু খাঁজযুক্ত খিলান রয়েছে। দুটো ইটের স্তম্ভ দিয়ে খিলানগুলো আলাদা করা হয়েছে, স্তম্ভ দুটো খুবই সুন্দর এবং সমৃদ্ধ অলংকরণযুক্ত। মন্দিরের পশ্চিম দিকের দ্বিতীয় বারান্দা থেকে সিঁড়ি উপরের দিকে উঠে গেছে। মন্দিরের নিচতলায় ২১টি এবং দ্বিতীয় তলায় ২৭টি দরজা-খিলান রয়েছে, তবে তৃতীয় তলায় রয়েছে মাত্র ৩টি করে।
Thursday, November 12, 2015
Shaṭ Gombuj Moshjid
Sixty Dome Mosque
The Sixty Dome Mosque (Bengali: ষাট গম্বুজ মসজিদ Shaṭ Gombuj Moshjid) (more commonly known as Shait Gambuj Mosque or Saith Gunbad Masjid),a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a mosque in Bangladesh, the largest in that country from the Sultanate period. It has been described as "the most impressive Muslim monuments in the whole of the Indian subcontinent."[1]
In mid-15th century, a Muslim colony was founded in the unfriendly mangrove forest of the Sundarbans near the coastline in the Bagerhat district by an obscure saint-General, named Khan Jahan Ali. He preached in an affluent city during the reign of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, then known as 'Khalifalabad'. Khan Jahan adorned this city with more than a dozen mosques, the spectacular ruins of which are focused around the most imposing and largest multidomed mosques in Bangladesh, known as the Shait-Gumbad Masjid (160'×108').[2] The construction of the mosque was started in 1442 and it was completed in 1459.The mosque was used for prayer purposes. It was also used as a madrasha and assembly hall.
Location
It is located in Bagerhat district in southern Bangladesh which is in the division of Khulna. It is about 3 miles far from the main town of Bagerhat.[4] Bagerhat is nearly 200 miles away from Dhaka which is the capital of Bangladesh.
Style
The 'Sixty Dome' Mosque has walls of unusually thick, tapered brick in the Tughlaq style and a hut-shaped roofline that anticipates later styles. The length of the mosque is 160 feet and width is 108 feet. There are 77 low domes arranged in seven rows of eleven, and one dome on each corner, bringing the total to 81 domes. There are four towers. Two of four towers were used to call azaan. The interior is divided into many aisles and bays by slender columns, which culminate in numerous arches that support the roof.
The mosque has 77 squat domes with 7 four-sided pitched Bengali domes in the middle row.The vast prayer hall, although provided with 11 arched doorways on east and 7 each on north and south for ventilation and light, presents a dark and somber appearance inside. It is divided into 7 longitudinal aisles and 11 deep bays by a forest of 60 slender stone columns, from which springs rows of endless arches, supporting the domes. Six feet thick, slightly tapering walls and hollow and round, almost detached corner towers, resembling the bastions of fortress, each capped by small rounded cupolas, recall the Tughlaq architecture of Delhi.The mosque represents wonderful archeological beauty which was the signature in the 15th century.Sixty Domes or Sixty Columns
The mosque is locally known as the 'Shat Gombuj Masjid', which in Bangla means Sixty Domed Mosque. However, there are 77 domes over the main hall and exactly 60 stone pillars. It is possible that the mosque was originally referred to as the Sixty Pillared Mosque where Amud meaning column in Arabic/Persian, later got corrupted to Gombuj (গম্বুজ) in Bangla, which means domes.Paharpur somapura mahavihara
Somapura Mahavihara (Bengali: সোমপুর মহাবিহার Shompur Môhabihar) in Paharpur, Badalgachhi Upazila, Naogaon District, Bangladesh is among the best known Buddhistviharas in the Indian Subcontinent and is one of the most important archeological sites in the country. It was designated
a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985.
The excavation at Paharpur, and the finding of seals bearing the inscription Shri-Somapure-Shri-Dharmapaladeva-Mahavihariyarya-bhiksu-sangghasya, has identified the Somapura Mahavihara as built by the second Pala king Dharmapala(circa 781–821) of Pāla Dynasty.[3] Tibetan sources, including Tibetan translations of Dharmakayavidhi and Madhyamaka Ratnapradipa, Taranatha's history and Pag-Sam-Jon-Zang, mention that Dharmapala's successor Devapala (circa 810–850) built it after his conquest of Varendra.[3] The Paharpur pillar inscription bears the mention of 5th regnal year of Devapala's successor Mahendrapala (circa 850–854) along with the name of Bhiksu Ajayagarbha.[3] Taranatha's Pag Sam Jon Zangrecords that the monastery was repaired during the reign of Mahipala (circa 995–1043 AD).[3]
In acreage, Somapura was the largest of the mahaviharas.[7] Its architecture was unusual. As one scholar described, the complex was dominated by a temple, which was not typical, and further, the temple had "none of the characteristic features of Indian temple architecture, but is strongly reminiscent of Buddhist temples of Burma, Java and Cambodia, reproducing the cruciform basement, terraced structure with inset chambers and gradually dwindling pyramid form ... during the age of the Palas some sort of intercourse between eastern India and south-east Asia existed ... but how this temple type, represented in India by this solitary example, became the standard of Buddhist temple architecture is not known."[8] Another commented, "there can be no doubt that this style of architecture has most profoundly influenced that of Burma, Java and Cambodia. The nearest approximation to the plan and the superstructure of the Paharpur temple is afforded by the temples known as Chandi Loro Jongrang and Chandi Sevu of Prambanam in Central Java.
a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985.
History
A number of monasteries grew up during the Pāla period in ancient Bengal and Magadha. According to Tibetan sources, five great Mahaviharas stood out: Vikramashila, the premier university of the era; Nalanda, past its prime but still illustrious; Somapura Mahavihara; Odantapurā; and Jaggadala.[1] The monasteries formed a network; "all of them were under state supervision" and there existed "a system of co-ordination among them ... it seems from the evidence that the different seats of Buddhist learning that functioned in eastern India under the Pāla were regarded together as forming a network, an interlinked group of institutions," and it was common for great scholars to move easily from position to position among them.[2]
The excavation at Paharpur, and the finding of seals bearing the inscription Shri-Somapure-Shri-Dharmapaladeva-Mahavihariyarya-bhiksu-sangghasya, has identified the Somapura Mahavihara as built by the second Pala king Dharmapala(circa 781–821) of Pāla Dynasty.[3] Tibetan sources, including Tibetan translations of Dharmakayavidhi and Madhyamaka Ratnapradipa, Taranatha's history and Pag-Sam-Jon-Zang, mention that Dharmapala's successor Devapala (circa 810–850) built it after his conquest of Varendra.[3] The Paharpur pillar inscription bears the mention of 5th regnal year of Devapala's successor Mahendrapala (circa 850–854) along with the name of Bhiksu Ajayagarbha.[3] Taranatha's Pag Sam Jon Zangrecords that the monastery was repaired during the reign of Mahipala (circa 995–1043 AD).[3]
The Nalanda inscription of Vipulashrimitra records that the monastery was destroyed by fire, which also killed Vipulashrimitra's ancestor Karunashrimitra, during a conquest by the Vanga army in the 11th century.
Over time Atish's spiritual preceptor, Ratnakara Shanti, served as a sthavira of the vihara, Mahapanditacharya Bodhibhadra served as a resident monk, and other scholars spent part of their lives at the monastery, including Kalamahapada, Viryendra and Karunashrimitra.[3] Many Tibetan monks visited the Somapura between the 9th and 12th centuries.[3]
During the rule of the Sena dynasty, known as Karnatadeshatagata Brahmaksatriya, in the second half of the 12th century the vihara started to decline for the last time.[3] One scholar writes, "The ruins of the temple and monasteries at Pāhāpur do not bear any evident marks of large-scale destruction. The downfall of the establishment, by desertion or destruction, must have been sometime in the midst of the widespread unrest and displacement of population consequent on the Muslim invasion.
Architecture
The quadrangular structure consists of 177 cells and a traditional Buddhist stupa in the center. The rooms were used by the monks for accommodation and meditation. In addition to the large number of stupas and shrines of various sizes and shapes, terracotta plaques, stone sculptures, inscriptions, coins, ceramics etc. have been discovered.
The site houses the architectural remains of a vast Buddhist monastery, Somapura Mahavihara, covering 27 acres (110,000 m2). It was an important intellectual centre for Dharmic Traditions such as Buddhists (Buddha Dharma),Jains (Jaina Dharma) and Hindus (Sanatana Dharma) alike.[5] The 21 acre (85,000 m²) complex has 177 cells,viharas, numerous stupas, temples and a number of other ancillary buildings.[6] The outside walls with ornamental terracotta palques still display the influence of these three religions.
In acreage, Somapura was the largest of the mahaviharas.[7] Its architecture was unusual. As one scholar described, the complex was dominated by a temple, which was not typical, and further, the temple had "none of the characteristic features of Indian temple architecture, but is strongly reminiscent of Buddhist temples of Burma, Java and Cambodia, reproducing the cruciform basement, terraced structure with inset chambers and gradually dwindling pyramid form ... during the age of the Palas some sort of intercourse between eastern India and south-east Asia existed ... but how this temple type, represented in India by this solitary example, became the standard of Buddhist temple architecture is not known."[8] Another commented, "there can be no doubt that this style of architecture has most profoundly influenced that of Burma, Java and Cambodia. The nearest approximation to the plan and the superstructure of the Paharpur temple is afforded by the temples known as Chandi Loro Jongrang and Chandi Sevu of Prambanam in Central Java.Mainamati cumilla
Mainamati (Bengali: ময়নামতি Môenamoti) is an isolated low, dimpled range of hills, dotted -with more than 50 ancient Buddhist settlements of the 8th to 12th century A.D. It is extended through the centre of the district of Comilla. Mainamati is located almost 8 miles from the town of Comilla, Bangladesh. It is the home of one of the most important Buddhist archaeological sites in the region. There are a number of Buddhist sites in this region, dating approximately from 7th to 12th centuries CE. to Chittagong.
Comilla Cantonment is located nearby and houses a beautiful colonial era cemetery.[1] Mainamati is named for the Candra queen of the same name, mother of theGovindachandra. Mainamati is only 114 km. from Dhaka city and is just a day's trip by road on way
Buddhist monuments
The centre piece of the Buddhist sites at Mainamati is the Shalban vihara, almost in the middle of the Mainamati-Lalmai hill range consists of 115 cells, built around a spacious courtyard with a cruciform temple in the centre, facing its only gateway complex to the north, resembling that of the Sompur Bihara. It is clearly a Vihara, or an educational centre with residential facilities.
Kutila Mura situated on a flattened hillock, about 5 km north of Shalban Vihara inside the Comilla Cantonment is a picturesque Buddhist establishment. Here, three stupasare found side by side representing the Buddhist "Trinity" or three jewels, i.e. the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha.
Charpatra Mura is an isolated small oblong shrine situated about 2.5 km. north-west of Kotila Mura stupas. The only approach to the shrine is from the East through a gateway which leads to a spacious hall. Here a number of shrines can be found.
The Mainamati site Museum, situated next to Shalvan Vihara, houses a good collection of artifacts found at these sites. The Museum has a rich and varied collection of copper plates, gold and silver coins and 86 bronze objects. Over 150 bronze statues have been recovered mostly from the monastic cells, bronze stupas, stone sculptures and hundreds of terracotta plaques each measuring on an average of 9" high and 8" to 12" wide.
lalbug killa, dhaka
Mughal prince Muhammad Azam, third son of Aurangzeb started the work of the fort in 1678 during his vice-royalty in Bengal. He stayed in Bengal for 15 months. The fort remained incomplete when he was called away by his father Aurangzeb.
Shaista Khan was the new subahdar of Dhaka in that time, and he did not complete the fort. In 1684, the daughter of Shaista Khan named Iran Dukht Pari Bibi died there. After her death, he started to think the fort as unlucky, and left the structure incomplete.[2] Among the three major parts of Lalbagh Fort, one is the tomb of Pari Bibi.
After Shaista Khan left Dhaka, it lost its popularity. The main cause was that the capital was moved from Dhaka to Murshidabad. After the end of the royal Mughal period, the fort became abandoned. In 1844, the area acquired its name as Lalbagh replacing Aurangabad, and the fort became Lalbagh Fort.
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